It is very common for people to make arguments and leave out obvious claims. According to the principal of rational discussion, you must make three assumptions. The first assumption is that the person who you are discussing or arguing with know about the subject under discussion. The second is that the other person is able and willing to reason well. The third assumption is that the other person is not lying. According to the text, if you do not follow these rules: you are denying the essentials of democracy, you are not going to know what to believe yourself and you are not as likely to convince others. An apparently defective argument must satisfy all three of the following before a premise or conclusion can be added: The argument becomes stronger or valid, the premise is plausible and would seem plausible to the other person, and the premise is more plausible than the conclusion.
This is an example of an argument that needs to be repaired: "No cats bark. So Fluffy does not bark." The premise that needs to be added to this argument is: "Fluffy is a cat." If this premise is added, then this is a good argument because it is true that Fluffy is a cat.
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